Kava Kava: Benefits, Uses and Safety

By Matthew Atkins · Oct 30, 2026

Kava Kava

Kava (Piper methysticum) is a Pacific Island shrub whose roots contain kavalactones, compounds that promote relaxation and calm alertness by enhancing GABA-A receptor activity and slowing sodium channel signaling. Traditional water-extracted noble kava is used for anxiety, stress, sleep, and muscle tension, typically dosed at 70–300 mg of kavalactones.

What Is Kava?

Kava (Piper methysticum) is an upright perennial shrub in the pepper family, Piperaceae. The species name combines the Greek words for “black” and “intoxicating,” referring to the dark beverage traditionally prepared from its roots. Reaching heights of two to three meters at maturity, the plant features thick, fleshy stems with distinct nodes and large, heart-shaped, glossy green leaves arranged alternately along the stalk. Beneath the soil, it develops a dense network of thick, woody rhizomes and adventitious roots that hold the active kavalactones for which it is cultivated.

Originating in the South Pacific across Melanesia, Polynesia, and parts of Micronesia, kava has been domesticated for millennia. Because the cultivated plant is a sterile hybrid that does not produce viable seed, its spread across the Pacific occurred entirely through human propagation, with islanders carrying stem cuttings aboard voyaging canoes. This selective cultivation produced numerous distinct varieties with unique growth habits, stem coloration, and chemical profiles. Kava thrives in tropical climates with abundant rainfall, partial shade, and well-drained volcanic soil, requiring roughly three to five years of growth before the roots are mature enough to harvest.

Kavalactones

The psychoactive and physiological effects of kava come from kavalactones concentrated primarily in the root. Of the many kavalactones identified, six are considered the primary active constituents:

• Kavain: Noted for a rapid onset and a balanced, uplifting, heady calm.
• Dihydrokavain: Associated with sedative and physically relaxing properties.
• Methysticin: Contributes to cerebral, mood-uplifting effects alongside kavain.
• Dihydromethysticin: Produces heavier, grounding, and physically sedating effects.
• Yangonin: Studied for interactions with cannabinoid receptors, which may contribute to mood-related effects.
• Desmethoxyyangonin: Also interacts with cannabinoid pathways and supports mood elevation.

Together, these compounds produce relaxation, mild euphoria, and calm alertness. The relative concentrations of these six kavalactones vary considerably between cultivars, giving each strain its distinct character. Total kavalactone content also fluctuates with the plant’s age, growing conditions, and preparation methods.

How Kava Works in the Body

Kavalactones interact with the nervous system through several complementary pathways. The most studied target is the GABA-A receptor, the brain’s primary inhibitory receptor. Kavalactones bind to sites on this receptor complex and enhance its response to GABA, the neurotransmitter that dampens neural activity. Unlike many other GABA-acting substances, kavalactones enhance inhibitory tone in a way that preserves alertness rather than producing heavy sedation or clouded thinking.

A second mechanism involves voltage-gated sodium channels, the molecular gates governing how quickly nerve cells fire. Kavalactones inhibit these channels, slowing electrical signal transmission along neurons. This dampening of rapid nerve conduction helps explain kava’s mild analgesic and muscle-relaxing effects while reducing overall nervous system excitability.

Together, these pathways produce a state often described as relaxed wakefulness. Rather than switching off brain activity broadly, kavalactones limit excessive excitation while leaving normal cognitive circuits functional, allowing users to maintain mental clarity, focus, and conversation alongside physical ease.

Kava in Pacific Island History and Culture

Kava traditions span thousands of years across Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Hawai’i. The plant is central to ceremonial life, offered to ancestors and gods, and consumed during births, marriages, and deaths. Ceremonial preparation—historically involving chewing or grinding the root and mixing it with water—is a communal activity that reinforces social bonds and spiritual connections.

Beyond ceremony, kava plays a pivotal role in political and social structures. In Tonga and Fiji, kava circles serve as forums for discussion, dispute resolution, and decision-making. Chiefs and elders preside over these gatherings, where the order of serving reflects social hierarchy. The drink seals agreements, welcomes guests, and maintains diplomatic relations. In Vanuatu, kava is consumed in nakamals, traditional meeting places where men gather to discuss community matters and unwind. In Hawai’i, ‘awa (kava) was used by royalty and commoners alike for relaxation and spiritual purposes, often incorporated into hula and other cultural practices.

Kava’s significance extends to songs, chants, and legends that feature the plant as a gift from the gods or a symbol of peace. Despite colonial disruptions, these traditions have persisted. Today, kava remains both a cultural emblem and a major export for Pacific Island nations.

Kava Benefits

Clinical research on kava has grown considerably over the past several decades, with trials mostly using standardized kavalactone extracts to compare results consistently. Meta-analyses pooling randomized, placebo-controlled trials generally support a modest but statistically significant benefit for anxiety compared with placebo, though study sizes and methodologies vary widely. One recurring challenge in the literature is blinding, as kava’s distinctive taste and sensory effects can complicate the interpretation of subjective outcomes in placebo-controlled designs.

Anxiety and Stress

The largest body of human evidence for kava centers on its anxiolytic properties. In a widely cited six-week trial involving 141 participants diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, kava extract produced statistically significant improvements on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale compared with placebo, with benefits appearing within the first week. Similar clinically meaningful reductions have been reported in trials of four to eight weeks using standardized extracts such as WS 1490.

Comparative studies suggest kavalactones can deliver anxiety relief broadly comparable to low-dose benzodiazepines. Trials pitting kava against oxazepam or bromazepam reported similar therapeutic effects on anxiety rating scales over the study duration. While kava shows a slower onset of action than benzodiazepines, it avoids the heavy sedation, dependence, and withdrawal issues associated with that drug class.

In laboratory stress paradigms, kava administration has attenuated subjective tension and physiological arousal under controlled challenge conditions. Small crossover studies using visual analogue scales have recorded measurable reductions in acute stress and tension within hours of a single dose.

Social Anxiety

Consumed during communal gatherings to foster connection, kava acts as a natural social lubricant. Unlike alcohol, which causes disinhibition, slurred speech, and impaired motor control, kava induces mild euphoria and ease while leaving users clear-headed and engaged.

Studies show that kava can reduce symptoms of social anxiety in controlled settings, with participants reporting increased talkativeness and sociability. By gently lowering inhibitions without cognitive impairment, kava encourages open communication and empathy while maintaining social decorum.

Sleep

Across several small trials and observational studies, participants taking standardized kava preparations have shown measurable reductions in sleep latency—the time it takes to fall asleep. These reductions tend to appear within the first nights of use rather than building slowly over weeks.

Polysomnography studies examining sleep architecture show that kava increases time spent in the deeper, restorative phases of non-REM sleep tied to physical recovery. Unlike many sedative medications that suppress rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and cause a rebound effect when discontinued, kava has not been observed to disrupt REM architecture, leaving dreaming and emotional processing undisturbed. Trials also consistently report an absence of morning grogginess or hangover-like fog, with participants waking clear and alert. Larger, longer studies are still needed to strengthen this evidence base.

Muscle Tension

Kavalactones exert a mild peripheral muscle-relaxant effect by interacting with neuromuscular signaling pathways to reduce the excitatory tone that keeps muscle fibers contracted. This loosens physical stiffness, particularly in the neck, shoulders, and back, making it suitable for routine tension from desk work or stress.

This peripheral action also applies to post-workout recovery. Intense exercise leaves muscle tissue with low-grade inflammation and persistent contraction, registering as soreness and reduced range of motion. Kava helps ease this residual tightness, allowing muscles to return to a rested baseline in the evening without heavy sedation.

Other Claimed Benefits (Limited Evidence)

Researchers have explored several other applications for kava, though the evidence remains preliminary and should be regarded as hypothesis rather than established fact:

• Neuroprotection: Laboratory and animal studies suggest certain kavalactones may interact with pathways involved in cellular stress and oxidative damage, prompting speculation about protective effects on nerve tissue. These findings have not been confirmed in human trials.
• Mood enhancement: Anecdotal reports and small-scale studies note mild emotional uplift alongside relaxation. However, sample sizes are small, methodologies vary, and results have not been consistently replicated to separate these effects from general relaxation.
• Mild pain relief: Traditional accounts and scattered user reports describe kava as helpful for minor aches, and early research has explored interactions with pain-signaling mechanisms, but direct clinical evidence in humans is sparse.

Types of Kava

Kava products come in several forms, including traditional dried root powder, instant powders, liquid extracts and tinctures, standardized capsules, and topical pastes. Across all formats, cultivar identity and the specific part of the plant used determine the product’s potency, sensory qualities, and safety profile. Regulatory bodies and industry groups have developed testing protocols to verify cultivar authenticity and screen for adulteration, as mislabeling remains a concern in some markets.

Noble vs. Tudei Kava

Kava cultivars are traditionally classified as either noble or non-noble (often called Tudei or “two-day” kava). Noble cultivars have been selected by Pacific Island communities over centuries for their balanced chemotype, moderate potency, and clean effects, making them suitable for regular social and ceremonial consumption.

Tudei kava has a harsher flavor and a chemotype skewed toward heavier, longer-lasting kavalactones. As the name implies, users often report effects that linger into the following day, bringing prolonged lethargy, grogginess, and sometimes nausea. Chemically, Tudei cultivars contain markedly higher levels of flavokavains (such as flavokavain B), compounds linked to unpleasant side effects and concerns about liver stress when consumed frequently or in large amounts. Because visual identification of dried root is unreliable, many vendors test their products to confirm noble status and exclude Tudei strains.

Root vs. Stems and Peelings

Traditional preparations use only the peeled underground root and rhizome, which hold the highest concentration of desirable kavalactones. Above-ground plant parts—stems, leaves, and the thin outer peelings of the root—contain lower levels of kavalactones and higher proportions of pipermethystine, an alkaloid linked to liver toxicity in laboratory studies.

Reputable producers separate and discard stems and peelings during harvest. However, adulteration with above-ground material is a common cost-cutting shortcut in the kava trade, as these parts add bulk and weight at little expense. Including them results in a weaker, less predictable experience and a greater toxicological burden. Root-only sourcing statements and peel-free processing claims are key indicators of a safe product.

Kava Strains and Their Effects

Cultivars are broadly categorized as heavy or heady based on their chemotype—a six-digit numerical code representing the relative concentrations of the six major kavalactones in descending order:

• Heavy strains: High in dihydrokavain (represented by the number 2) and dihydromethysticin. A chemotype beginning with 2 indicates a heavy strain that produces deep physical relaxation, sedation, and a “couch-lock” sensation ideal for evening use or sleep.
• Heady strains: High in kavain (represented by the number 4) and methysticin. A chemotype beginning with 4 indicates a cerebral strain that promotes mental clarity, euphoria, and uplifted mood without drowsiness, favored for daytime or social situations.

How to Use Kava

Kava is traditionally consumed as a water-extracted beverage, though modern extracts and powders offer faster preparation. Across all methods, kava is customarily taken on an empty stomach because food slows absorption. Effects typically appear within 20 to 30 minutes and settle after a couple of hours. Users should stay hydrated, start with a low dose to assess tolerance, and space out servings over an evening.

How to Prepare Traditional Kava

Traditional preparation uses coarse, dried ground root kneaded in water. A standard ratio is one part root powder to four or five parts water—roughly 2 tablespoons of ground root to 1 cup of water for a single serving.

1. Warm the water to lukewarm, around 100°F (38°C). Warmth helps release the kavalactones, whereas boiling water can degrade them.
2. Place the ground kava into a fine-mesh strainer bag or muslin cloth and tie it securely.
3. Submerge the bag in the warm water and knead and squeeze it firmly for 10 to 15 minutes. This ruptures the plant cells and disperses the kavalactones, turning the water an opaque, muddy brown.
4. Continue kneading until the root inside the bag feels less slippery, then squeeze the bag thoroughly to extract the remaining liquid. (You can repeat the process with fresh water for a second wash, though most active compounds release in the first wash.)
5. Strain the liquid once more through a fine mesh or cloth to remove sediment, then serve immediately in a coconut shell or small cup.

Some people blend the powder with water or coconut milk before straining for a faster preparation. A few practice “tossing and washing”—swallowing a spoonful of raw powder followed by liquid—though consuming the fibrous root material directly often irritates the stomach.

Instant Kava, Tinctures and Capsules

Modern formats bypass the time and cleanup of traditional brewing, though potency and bioavailability vary:

• Instant kava: Made by dehydrating fresh root juice or a strong brewed wash into a fine powder that dissolves readily in water. One to two teaspoons stirred into a cup of liquid preserves the water-soluble kavalactones and delivers effects comparable to a moderate bowl of traditional kava.
• Tinctures: Concentrate kavalactones in an alcohol or glycerin base. Taken under the tongue or added to a drink in small dropper doses, they act quickly through sublingual absorption. Alcohol-based tinctures can taste sharp, and dosing requires care since a few drops can be potent.
• Capsules: Contain dried, powdered root or standardized extract swallowed whole. While discreet and travel-friendly, kavalactones in raw root capsules must pass through the digestive system, resulting in a slower onset and sometimes weaker effects than a brewed drink.

What Kava Tastes Like (and How to Make It Easier to Drink)

Kava has an earthy, peppery, and bitter flavor accompanied by a temporary numbing or tingling sensation on the tongue and mouth—a normal response to the kavalactones themselves. Newcomers often find the taste unpleasant, but several techniques make it easier to drink:

• Add a fat source: Because kavalactones are fat-soluble, adding a splash of coconut milk, full-fat dairy, or nut butter mellows the harsh edges while supporting absorption.
• Use a chaser: Traditional kava is drunk in quick gulps rather than sipped slowly. Following each serving immediately with pineapple juice, coconut water, a bite of fruit, or warm ginger tea clears the bitterness from the palate.
• Flavor the brew: Mixing in honey, cinnamon, cocoa powder, citrus, or stomach-settling ginger rounds out the peppery bite.
• Chill the liquid: Serving kava cold dulls its sharper aromatic notes.

What to Expect at a Kava Bar

Western kava bars blend elements of coffeehouses, cocktail lounges, and teahouses. Lighting is typically low and warm, soft music plays, and seating is arranged around communal tables with board games or Pacific Island artwork to encourage conversation rather than quick turnover. Phones generally stay in pockets, and bartenders (often called kavatenders) readily explain the menu to newcomers.

Kava is served in a coconut shell or small ceramic bowl called a bilo, and drinks are measured in “shells” rather than cups. Menus list heady, heavy, or balanced strains alongside traditional, instant, or micronized preparation styles. Regulars may order a single shell, a double, or a flight of different strains. Customary etiquette is simple: clap once before drinking, say a quick word of appreciation (such as Bula!), and drink the shell in one or two swallows rather than sipping.

Kava Dosage

Because raw root potency varies, clinical studies express dosage in milligrams of kavalactones. Individual responses depend on body weight, sensitivity, and product standardization, so users should start at the lower end of the range.

• Daytime stress and anxiety relief: 70 to 200 mg of kavalactones per dose. This lower range provides a gentle anxiolytic effect without pronounced sedation. Some clinical trials have used doses near the upper end of this range taken two to three times daily over several weeks.
• Nighttime sleep support: 200 to 300 mg of kavalactones taken approximately one hour before bed. This higher band promotes deeper physical and mental calm to ease sleep onset.

Side Effects and Safety

Kava’s side effects range from mild and temporary to rare but serious. Responsible use requires understanding potential digestive and skin reactions, historical liver toxicity concerns, and interactions with other substances.

Common Side Effects

Aside from the expected temporary mouth numbness, the most common adverse reactions are mild and transient:

• Digestive upset: Nausea, stomach discomfort, queasiness, or loss of appetite, particularly when taken on an empty stomach or in large amounts. Taking kava with a small amount of food or reducing the dose helps minimize this.
• Drowsiness and lethargy: Common at higher doses as part of the plant’s relaxing action.
• Dizziness: Lightheadedness can occur, especially when standing up quickly after larger servings.

Kava and Liver Safety

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a cluster of hepatotoxicity case reports in Europe and North America linked kava supplements to liver injury, prompting several countries to restrict or ban sales. Subsequent pharmacological reviews revealed that most of these commercial products differed sharply from traditional Pacific preparations:

• Extraction methods: Manufacturers used concentrated industrial solvent extractions (ethanolic or acetonic) rather than traditional water extraction.
• Plant parts and cultivars: Some products incorporated stems, leaves, and root peelings high in toxic alkaloids, or used non-noble (Tudei or wichmannii) cultivars high in flavokavains.
• Confounding factors: Many historical cases involved concurrent alcohol consumption, hepatotoxic medications, or pre-existing liver conditions.

Reviews by national health bodies note that traditional aqueous preparations made from peeled noble root have a long history of safe use and carry a much lower risk profile. Even so, the possibility of liver injury cannot be dismissed entirely, and users should discontinue kava if any unusual symptoms arise.

Kava Dermopathy with Heavy Use

Chronic, heavy kava consumption can cause a reversible skin condition known as kava dermopathy. Long-term users taking large daily amounts over months or years may develop dry, scaly, flaking patches and a yellowish tint to the skin, appearing first on the palms, soles, and areas of friction before spreading. Researchers link this to the accumulation of kavalactones interfering with normal skin cell turnover and sebaceous gland function.

Kava dermopathy resolves once intake is lowered or paused. Taking a break for several weeks, cutting back daily servings, hydrating, and using moisturizers restores the skin. If skin symptoms do not improve after stopping kava, consult a healthcare provider to rule out other dermatological conditions.

Kava, Driving and Alcohol

At higher doses or with regular accumulation, kava slows reaction times, reduces alertness, and impairs motor coordination. Driving after consuming kava can lead to delayed braking and poor judgment of speed and distance. Although low doses do not cause alcohol-like intoxication, users should not drive or operate machinery until they are certain their faculties are completely unaffected.

Kava should never be combined with alcohol. Both depress the central nervous system, and their effects are additive, compounding motor and cognitive impairment far beyond what either substance causes alone. Furthermore, because both are processed by the liver, combining them places heavy metabolic stress on the organ and elevates the risk of liver damage.

Drug Interactions

Kava interacts with prescription and over-the-counter medications through two primary mechanisms:

• Additive central nervous system depression: Combining kava with sedatives amplifies drowsiness, impairs coordination, and increases the risk of falls, accidents, and—in severe cases—respiratory depression. This applies to benzodiazepines (such as diazepam and alprazolam), sleep aids (such as zolpidem), opioids, barbiturates, antipsychotics, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
• Cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition: Kavalactones inhibit liver enzymes including CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP1A2, which metabolize a large share of prescription drugs (some constituents may also induce enzyme activity, making interactions unpredictable). Slowing the breakdown of co-administered drugs can cause blood levels to climb to toxic levels, especially for medications with narrow therapeutic windows such as anticoagulants (like warfarin), certain antidepressants, statins, and antiarrhythmics.
• Hepatotoxic medications: Combining kava with drugs that burden the liver—such as antifungals, certain antidepressants, or high-dose acetaminophen—compounds hepatic stress.

Do not combine kava with prescription medications unless a healthcare provider has reviewed your full medication list.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Kava is strictly contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Kavalactones may cross the placental barrier into fetal circulation, where they could theoretically disrupt neurological development or strain the immature fetal liver.

Because kavalactones are lipophilic, they may also pass into breast milk. Nursing infants have underdeveloped detoxification pathways, meaning even small amounts could accumulate, affect liver function, or cause sedation that disrupts alertness and feeding patterns. Pregnant and nursing mothers should avoid all forms of kava and consult a healthcare provider for safe alternatives.

Who Should Avoid Kava

In addition to pregnant or breastfeeding women and those taking interacting medications, the following groups should avoid kava:

• People with liver disease: Anyone with hepatitis, cirrhosis, or a history of elevated liver enzymes faces a heightened risk of serious complications.
• People with Parkinson’s disease: Kava may influence dopamine pathways and worsen motor symptoms such as tremor and rigidity.
• Surgical patients: Kava can affect platelet function and interact with anesthetics; discontinue use at least two weeks before scheduled surgery.
• Minors: Safety profiles have not been established for developing bodies and brains under age 18.
• People with a history of substance misuse: Concentrated extracts carry a potential for habitual use due to their mild psychoactive effects.
• Individuals with pepper family allergies: Anyone who has had an allergic reaction to Piper methysticum or related Piperaceae plants must abstain.

Is Kava Legal?

Kava’s legal status varies by jurisdiction:

• United States: Kava is legal and widely sold as a dietary supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). The FDA does not require pre-market approval but regulates labeling accuracy and product safety. It is also served as a beverage in kava bars.
• Europe: Following earlier hepatotoxicity reports, the European Food Safety Authority reviewed the evidence, resulting in a fragmented landscape. Some member states permit kava as a food supplement under specific conditions, while others maintain restrictions or prohibitions.
• Australia: Historically restricted, reforms in recent years have relaxed import and sale controls, opening pathways for regulated commercial supply.

Consumers and retailers should verify local import, sale, and preparation laws before purchasing.

How to Buy Quality Kava

Because quality and safety vary widely across the market, buyers should check four criteria before purchasing:

• Third-party lab testing: Reputable vendors publish certificates of analysis (COAs) verifying kavalactone percentages and screening for mold, heavy metals, and microbial growth.
• Noble and root-only certification: Labels should name the specific cultivar, confirm 100% noble status, and state that only peeled underground roots were used. Avoid vague products labeled simply as “kava.”
• Vendor transparency: Look for dedicated kava suppliers who disclose their farm sourcing, harvesting methods, and processing practices, and who have established reviews from experienced kava drinkers.
• Protective packaging: Heat, light, and moisture degrade kavalactones. Choose whole roots or freshly ground powder packed in opaque, airtight containers or sealed foil pouches with a clear harvest or packaging date.

Kava FAQ

Does kava build tolerance or reverse tolerance? Both patterns are reported. Many newcomers experience “reverse tolerance,” where initial sessions produce little effect and the calming sensations become more noticeable after several uses as the body adjusts to the kavalactones. Conversely, with months of heavy, continuous use, regular tolerance can develop, requiring larger servings to achieve the same calm. Periodic breaks and rotating strains help manage regular tolerance.

Is it safe to drink kava every day? Daily consumption of traditional, water-extracted noble kava is common in Pacific Island cultures. Those considering daily use should stick to certified noble root, respect moderate serving sizes, stay hydrated, avoid alcohol, and take periodic breaks to prevent kava dermopathy.

Will kava show up on a drug test? Standard workplace drug panels do not screen for kavalactones. However, individuals subject to specialized or expanded testing should check their employer’s specific policies.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is kava and what are kavalactones?

Kava is an upright perennial shrub in the pepper family, native to the South Pacific, and its root contains kavalactones, the compounds responsible for its psychoactive and physiological effects. The six primary active kavalactones are kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonin, and desmethoxyyangonin.

Can kava help with anxiety?

Meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials generally support a modest but statistically significant benefit for anxiety, and a six-week trial in generalized anxiety disorder found improvements versus placebo. Kava may relieve anxiety comparably to low-dose benzodiazepines, but it has a slower onset and avoids their heavy sedation, dependence, and withdrawal issues.

Does kava help with sleep?

Small trials and observational studies report reductions in sleep latency with standardized kava preparations, often within the first nights of use. Polysomnography studies show increases in deeper non-REM sleep without disrupting REM sleep, and trials report no morning grogginess, though larger, longer studies are still needed.

What is the difference between noble and tudei kava?

Noble cultivars have a balanced chemotype, moderate potency, and clean effects, making them suitable for regular social and ceremonial consumption. Tudei kava has a harsher flavor, longer-lasting heavier effects, and higher levels of flavokavains, which are linked to unpleasant side effects and concerns about liver stress when consumed frequently or in large amounts.

What dose of kava is used for anxiety or sleep?

For daytime stress and anxiety relief, the article lists 70 to 200 mg of kavalactones per dose; for nighttime sleep support, it lists 200 to 300 mg taken approximately one hour before bed. Users should start at the lower end of the range because raw root potency and individual responses vary.

Is kava bad for your liver?

Historical hepatotoxicity cases were mostly linked to concentrated industrial solvent extracts, above-ground plant parts or non-noble cultivars, and confounding factors such as alcohol, hepatotoxic medications, or pre-existing liver conditions. Traditional aqueous preparations from peeled noble root have a long history of safe use and a lower risk profile, but liver injury cannot be dismissed entirely, so users should discontinue kava if unusual symptoms arise.

Matthew Atkins

Matthew studied biology and has worked in conservation. He's been interested in medicinal herbs for many years. More about HerbsList

This page is for general information only and isn't medical advice. Talk with a doctor or pharmacist before taking any herb or supplement. Full disclaimer